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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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$ y2 `" n# A( g4 w4 H9 K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, . {6 I9 ^" j( I$ ^' K8 B s3 |0 H 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 1 d/ X& N3 K1 ]3 ^ |6 Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: T% ]- b7 `+ F/ |: u "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, / y! S& T0 q3 `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,4 N# ^( y; W- K0 S: @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& e0 F" Q8 _5 A6 ~5 G "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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+ x3 I" V+ l% F) m: a4 Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 5 N- R2 M: u0 G+ B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, ; V% p x, j# v* o2 ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 C' u5 u* e( M "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, ; |- Y$ D6 i# t% a6 X" Q" }7 {. b: A( |% Y) K7 |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, / K9 |- Z9 L* Y) _ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, ' K' I5 p% `- E2 \& f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - T* C; T( i# }- ?$ F$ l8 ]$ b"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, ; `; N: z; @6 A& Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, / ?/ E) V i. B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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$ ^: U, @2 j3 ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, 9 L- ^* I. V$ p; H- n# ?9 v6 S2 O3 r( M& t" q5 s' w; K& P7 kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 \: Z2 Z+ O# p/ y+ a7 [8 K"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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1 ?. I, i6 a/ G" Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ! q/ w9 T8 h6 u/ M2 S+ Z8 H宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ / [8 p9 I8 Z$ U8 `; Z" d4 D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 8 x% G# o( C8 H' ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ & P; P% A' |8 M: I% j' G( m! s 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 5 p0 n; Z1 }3 Q; K. @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ' J- }# G. y( P& i- Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# F. M6 Y7 f1 q" W7 W' \ "Times New Roman"">前者为因, ) d( _" c6 t9 N mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 9 }( g+ R) z2 f( x2 W% p# zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / E5 q) s6 ?+ E0 z"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, 8 c6 \5 \4 [) W6 v$ t- K3 N! Q- a8 X2 O mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, ( c3 d }+ @2 N. G# } 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 5 y0 m0 t7 j% Q. z0 W3 Y2 k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 @8 T1 S2 n+ o* |+ k& y7 e "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, % x a2 O) M9 |8 Y4 z6 f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ; H: j3 n! {2 q6 C1 cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 F7 z' w) C& d ~8 u"Times New Roman"">“ ! o; e2 d: m% k% Z8 T4 ?: P mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? ) ~9 F+ C2 |6 B3 u' j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” : c% k0 O2 e; W$ e! `" K9 N- i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 0 a( ?9 Z7 G, E; zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% T) ~- \$ n( `( E- p+ k/ l "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: : s3 H9 n: B8 D0 u; ?7 K3 L/ b' E! o4 D) a2 H. [7 }$ B% b9 y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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% l0 D/ j% Q; f+ B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 5 Z2 \' k' J7 ?. D* o r) o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, " G- Z6 N! B/ v* w' V# yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / N5 f3 l) l' K5 ~' b. `* o"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,. h2 v/ v/ g7 k ; a- P' E6 ?0 s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, ) w U& M% o+ ~ Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 S& W/ V3 D; l+ @! U( E6 x"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 0 ?" P) m: S h3 T& c! c Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 5 v9 V- q: _2 I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里+ e( G: V# _7 z0 fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 + ]' {5 N/ z3 I' Q3 b$ d7 umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(& W% c6 x9 t! j Z. R7 Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), " v0 k1 Q+ r9 c7 T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& R2 r+ ^2 g0 f0 ^$ {0 p "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用! }. j6 O. g2 ~# b( M; K1 m12.0pt">, 4 m- ~0 | a# g f "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, - _( E( e5 [/ a4 E+ B% ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 S: f! o( ?3 M9 y8 i# S"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, ' p9 l) Z. l0 t M( B5 g+ L, K( P mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!2 j& t3 {2 C8 I8 G, @ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, # M/ u* P4 y& ?3 O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! P9 d9 c% |; T! U" C. R! m, l7 I9 b+ A "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: ; w6 |$ |" b$ ~% Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 0 t6 P- h; I) ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, ) k5 F; \% V ]& i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 C5 y$ k% f* v. }3 ~- f! K8 P% U"Times New Roman"">“ 0 I c/ S( ?4 Q) omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”7 M$ m7 D* `% n 12.0pt"> - L6 H+ n! d \6 ? "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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: O7 M- n" x5 X6 Y9 X mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 1 E) P( F7 _; T4 K0 z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 8 e, G+ _* ^& O2 x8 l, A" f: W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . H- i* m6 E. Z$ N6 `"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, T8 B0 X8 R+ S0 V5 g$ B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 6 B0 y" k2 f! s0 Z$ p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, $ Y, m. I8 H# G6 P" H- p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) p7 ~$ h9 t1 ]3 M+ y0 _ "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ " T. U. M4 P+ G7 }# f1 F' Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 5 B2 S X+ o; u( ~% e' k1 Z' Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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: A( U) H9 \7 f8 n7 ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, * M6 ^3 N( T; Z+ T6 C2 Q4 l( {5 A$ j5 N- S5 [% jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " O3 b# ?$ V4 v7 S8 H4 K4 _1 s"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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" a; t, d! [6 X6 r" W- Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, . O/ \1 a/ o9 r( M4 ~% L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 5 z2 O& k5 ~' ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 J! W. c! B7 k x' [. ?4 ]"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, ( F& x' d4 R1 V+ D9 `5 K3 _0 q% O8 E5 Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 5 y/ f f3 }, ]; C3 `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! s8 D. F3 X) p% H8 G/ Z"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,3 l* u' ^/ R. {2 q9 u$ `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, : j# {6 o# h# O( o1 } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: h) y# [9 M* _% Z# a1 m5 E"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题; X8 Z2 U3 o+ c3 e12.0pt">: `6 f% C% n+ V "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 9 b. b5 R: C. t4 `7 afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: L2 r$ e7 s! \" i( N "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才/ [1 j3 X+ c7 q% [: d% m- o. @ 12.0pt">, & G: f& A9 Z& ` "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, , s& X# n% h- p; [; K/ e e font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! S ?4 W* c! l( |% L, a/ x) u "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; . T6 L! ^' K$ q, @4 dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 7 M( A' R' a" ]) C9 ?0 J% U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ' }+ {( O5 m$ Z) V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & b% _% K9 j4 v7 F, l, w+ U$ Q"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题1 m: @. C( L' u( h12.0pt">; 2 V [2 \ _: e9 K# ^ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, + N' r3 L% r$ [* ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: K4 l2 B5 t' N* y% E0 D, Y/ A1 \ "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求. {. K) t" w% `6 W7 ~6 l12.0pt">: 1 h0 `( k# r& S) y" b+ H A4 L$ u "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; & S1 v, v9 ~- e" o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 B- d9 S* G3 @6 I! T "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, - g) p( J; f1 ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, & |6 z' G6 _0 A+ U# Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . u$ R1 D! O# |# A: N6 N"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统, |+ i8 g6 W1 l1 i 12.0pt">:

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8 E, d# b: b# q% b( Y9 b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 7 Z1 ?) b9 F/ Y) ]2 b 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 2 \& t8 C( M, X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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3 t7 x6 [( q* Y W4 ?7 ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, % P) j- R$ y: B+ a# z+ e+ r6 @8 _+ W% ? ?* n, n' S9 `5 J' S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' N, s) n+ E/ ?# |; U7 }0 \ "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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) g" } n: f$ P, |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 1 I2 _+ m# P, K/ P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- k( P; ^% e# U "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 2 W8 T$ e# \0 c/ D# ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 3 E3 ^+ W0 g, H" _4 @" R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * @, ?( @- O% B; c) m( @"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, . ~+ ^ r) W$ X/ B3 A! L9 `+ M4 z" I" j7 a" b* k( X/ v) Y \; e mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 4 o! X' W5 n' u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 f, D1 }2 d. T7 g2 a0 Y3 n"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, - a$ l% Q- F( _- P$ Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 7 p, @7 @4 D- V5 d. \4 e: K 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: . O( C7 l! C) ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . H F* \( b$ H5 D1 c6 c' o"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ( c' \& t; C9 Q- Y7 o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, & R+ X& A2 }: i9 z& jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + K! s. g: ]+ f$ b; M# F9 d"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 7 C& Z8 m( h- }4 I* ?+ L. v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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: e, C4 ^: b, d( C/ fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,6 ]+ F' l% l* E, x( C1 h font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - i% d$ ]; A% v8 h( ?4 @' l"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定' k$ L- }" Y* W+ E5 n0 O 12.0pt">, ) \+ J( P! \# k' Z) [ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 7 H g0 M$ I- _$ C7 p; l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! R" {7 U0 `2 f# t- n/ j% j "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:% b8 o) q0 g* _. o: G* \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, * ?$ x) ?6 S" x% Q3 X1 a+ { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ) K' ^# y& Y) |4 }" p; V* ~3 d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 f8 j3 T ~( _"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 1 P' O6 W$ {; M1 u% ]$ x$ r2 w" w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, ! F% F! E9 p8 _! }- D7 K/ e- r5 S9 _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 F! t$ p4 T0 `* j& I "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: * b( G$ R. S& A* N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ $ ?# F& e0 z( v5 p! _! U# L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, + E. e8 S% k- e; j {7 R7 afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 r" W' M" e0 F* z: I, H& G "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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